Ironing machine



Dec. 13, 1927. 1,652,561

A. o. DADY IRONING MACHINE L 3 Filed June 15. 1921 m $3 3 sheets sheet 1 & Q Q m Dec. 13, 1927.

-A. O. DA DY IRONING MACHINE Filed June 15 1921 3 Sheets-Sheet Dec. 13, 1927.

A. O. DADY IRONING MACHINE Filed June I5. 1921 r 3 Sheets-fiat 3 Patented Dec. 13, 1927.

UNITED STATES- ARTHUR o.- nanx, or HIGHLAND PARK, rumors '10 CONLON CORPORATION, OF CICEBO, ILLINOIS, A CORPORATION OF ELINOIS.

IRONING MACHINE.

Application filed .Tune 15, 1921. Serial No. 477,733.

This invention relates to ironing machines or mangles, and is particularly applicable to those such as are provided for family use, although certain features are applicable to the laundry type of mangle, and other features may be found useful in devices other than ironing machines.

The object of the present invention is the provision of a mechanism of this character which may be controlled by the user with the minimum muscular effort, inconvenience and attention.

One of the features of the invention is the provision of power means foractuating the movable member of the ironing medium which shall be positive of operation.

Another feature is to so posit-ion and ar range the controlling devices for the power mechanism as to be operable by the user with the minimum of inconvenience.

A further feature is to provide a controlling device which is always operated in the same manner, both to move the adjustable element to operative or inoperative position, and thus avoid confusion in the mind of the user when it is desired to quickly actuate the device in either manner.

A still further feature of the invention is the provision of an auxiliary means for instantaneously releasing the adjustable element from or restoring it to this operative position, and also to permit it to assume an extreme retracted position such that the ironing surface is readily accessible to the user to clean or wax.

A still further feature is the provision of a coupling between the power shaft and the driving mechanism so that the operation of the rotatable member and all 'co-operating parts of the ironing medium may be stopped without stopping the motor, and

Another feature of the invention is the provision of a heating shoe arrangement which will be economical of gas, oil or electricity.

Still another feature of the invention is the provision of means for automatically controlling the heat of the heating member so that it will not require the attention of the operator to see that the heat is decreased when ironing slowly, or light pieces, and increased when ironing rapidly, or heavy pieces, or excessively damp pieces.

Referring now tothe drawings.

Figure 1 is a rear elevation of the ironing device complete;

Figure 2 is an end view of the device with a portion of the framework broken away to show the cam arrangement for actuating the adjustable member of the ironing medium;

F igure 3 is an end elevation partly in sect1on with the cover or casing broken away, to show the driving gear mechanism of the device; V

Figure 4 is a view partly in section on the line H of Figure 3, but without the gear casing broken away;

Figure 5 is a detail view of a part of the controlling medium for the clutch which alctuates the adjustable ironing medium, or s 0e;

Figure 6 is a cross section of the controlling ring of Figure 5 on the line 6-6;

Figure 7 is a cross sectional view of the heating element on the line 7-7 of Fig ure 1;

Figure 8 is a sectional view of the heating element on the line 88 of Figure 1;

Figure 9 is a section on the line 99 of Figure 1.

Figure 10 is a plan view of the heating element, part of it being in section, on the line 10-10 of Figure 7, and

Figure 11 is a detail view of the link mechanism and the pressure adjusting means shown at the lower part of Figures 7, 8 and 9.

Before proceeding to the detailed description of the various features of the invention, a general description of certain of the operations will first be given. The arrangement for moving the adjustable heating ele1nent.or shoe to and from its operative position is arranged in the present embodiment to be controlled entirely by means of a foot-actuated lever or treadle shown at the bottom .of Figs. 1, 2, 3, and 4.

Assuming that the heating shoe is retracted, if the foot lever be depressed, a clutch will be actuated which will connect certain movable parts to the source of power or motor, and thus cause the heating shoe to be moved into engagement with the drum, as indicated in Figure 7. Upon the initial movement of the mechanism following the actuation of the clutch, the clutch will be assrenon, 'BY mnsnn nssronnanrs,

automatically heldin its actuated position I automatically released. The subsequent depression or operation of the foot treadle will again cause the operation of the clutch to cause the shoe or heating member to be moved to an ino erative position, as indicated in Fig. 8. en the shoe reaches the inoperative position, the clutch will again be automatically released. Thus, we see that upon one actuation of the foot treadle the shoe is moved into engagement with the drum and upon the next operation it is disengaged from the drum, and so on, alternate operations of the treadle causingthe shoe to be moved to and from its operative position.

In the operation of an ironing device of the character here disclosed, it is sometimes desirable to interrupt for a short time the movement of the rotating member or drum, or perhaps to interrupt the movement of the heating member or shoe towards the drum. For this purpose a clutch is provided, as shown at the left in Fig. 3, by means of which all the driving mechanism may be instantly disengaged from the power shaft.

In devices of this character, it is sometimes desirable to instantaneously disengage the heating shoe from the drum. In the present invent-ion a hand lever is provided which controls means for releasing the shoe to an extreme retracted position, as indicated in Figure 9. The same lever may also be actuated in the opposite direction to reassociate the shoe with the drum. This lever is shown at the right in Figure 1 and again in Figure 2 of the drawings.

Referring now in detail to the drawings, similar characters of reference refer to similar parts throughout the several views.

. hub 7 of the gear 6 is a collar 9 which is The device of the present invention is supported by the usual end standards represented by 1 and 2. Rotatably mounted in the upper ends of the end supports is a shaft 3 to which is rigidly secured the drum 4: of the ironing medium. This drum may be of any desired type, but in the present embodiment is disclosed on the outer surface ofwhich is secured the usual ironing pad 5. Loosely mounted adjacent one end of the shaft 3 is a gear wheel 6 which is provided in its hub wit-h notches 8. Slidably, but non-rotatably, secured to the outer end of the shaft 3 and adjacent the provided with projecting lugs 10, adapted to enter the notches 8 in the hub 7, and lock the shaft 3 to the gear 6. Rotatably mounted in the gear casing 11 below shaft 3 isla shaft 12 to which is rigidlysecured, as by means of the spline 13, a small spur gear 19 which is arranged to mesh withthe gear 6, and a large spur or worm gear 14 arranged to be engaged and driven by the power worm as being of tubular metal,

member 15. The power worm 15 is loosely mounted on the power shaft 16 which is rotatably supported by bearings 17 and 18, carried by a casing member 11. Associated with the power shaft 16 at one end thereof is a power medium of any desired character, an electric motor 20 being shown as the preferred embodiment. The power worm member 15 is provided at one end thereof with a cup-shaped clutch member 21 which is arranged to co-operate with the cone shaped clutch member 22, slidably but non-rotatably mounted on the shaft 16. Fixed on the shaft 16, by any desired means, is a collar 23 and between the collar 23 and the rear end of the clutch member 22 is a spring 24: arranged to normally force the cone member 22 of the clutch into engagement with the member 21 and thus secure the power worm 15 to the power shaft 16.

Pivotally supported in the casing member 11 on the operators side of the device, is a lever 25 provided with a bifurcated lower end 26 which is adapted to straddle and engage the circular groove 26 in the projecting portion of the clutch member 22. It will thus be seen that when the lever 25 is'forced forwardly the clutch member 22 is withdrawn against the tension of the spring 24 from engagement with the member 21 and the worm 15 is released from the power shaft 16. This arrangement permits the operator to quickly stop the rotation of the drum, as, for instance, when the. article being ironed isbein drawn into the.ironing medium in a wrinkled or folded condition.

Rotatably mounted in the cross members 27 of the frame, and extending from one side to the other of the machine, is a shaft 28 which will hereinafter be referred to as the cam shaft. Onthis shaft, adjacent the opposite ends thereof, are non-rotatably fixed the cams 29 and 30. Loosely mounted on the shaft 28, within the gear casing, is a worm gear 31, which is arranged in constant mesh with the power worm 15, and is driven thereby. The worm gear 31 is provided on its outerside with a tapered or cupshaped clutch member. 32, which is arranged to be engaged by the co-operating conical clutch member 33 carried by the sleeve 34, which is slidably but non-rotatably mounted on the cam shaft 28.

The sleeve 34 is provided with an annular groove 35, arranged to be engaged by the lugs 36 on the bifurcated end of the arm 37. The arm 37 is carried by member 38, which is pivotally supported on the bolt or pin 39, the opposite ends of which extend into and are fixed to the casing 11.

Projecting upwardly from the pivotally. supported member 38, and at the end opposite the arms 37 is a lug 40, within the bifurcated upper end of which ispivotally Within the bifurcated upper end of which is rotatably secured the wheel or roller 45.

.This roller is arranged to traverse the annular-flange 46 on the side surface of the disk 47 (Figs. 4, 5, and 6) which is nonrotatably mounted on the cam shaft 28 adjacent the gear 31. The flange 46 of the disk 47 is provided with notches 48 and 49 which are arranged to receive the roller 45 for a purpose which will be hereinafter described. Projecting upwardly from the bracket member 43 is a lug 50, within the bifurcated upper end of which is secured one end of the link member 41. It will be remembered that the opposite end of link 41 is connected to the upper end of lug 40 carried by the pivotally supported bracket 38. (See Figs. 4 and 5.)

Integral with and extending substantially horizontally from the bracket member 43 is an arm or lever 51 which is connected by means of the link or rod 52 to the projecting lug 53 (Figs. 2 and 3) integral with the foot lever 54 pivotally mounted on the rod 55. The rod 55 is supported by the legs 56 and 57 of the supporting framework. R0- tatably mounted in the cross pieces 58 of the supporting framework is a shaft 59 (Figs. 2 and 7) to which are rigidly secured the lugs 60 and 61 each of which is provided with. a bifurcated end 62.

Pivotally secured within each bifurcated end 62, as by a pin or bolt 63, is an arm 64.

Arm 64 at its lower end is provided with a T-shaped member, one of the projecting ends of which rotatably carries the wheel or roller 65. To the other projecting portion of the T-shaped end is secured the bolt or bar 66. The projecting portions of the T-shaped lower end of the arm 64 may be bifurcated and the wheel 65 and thebolt 66 may be secured within the bifurcations in any desired or well-known manner. 1

Extending lengthwise of the device and mounted in the frame work is a rod or bar 67 (Figs. 1, 2 and 7) upon which, adjacent the opposite ends thereof, are ,rotatably mounted the arms or levers 68. To the levers 68 at the upper ends thereof is secured, in any desired or wellknown manner, a movable heat member or shoe 69. The arms 68 adjacent the lower ends thereof are provided with socket members 74, and an elongated slot extending therefrom through which the pin 66 is arranged to project.

Fixed to the pin 66 is a disk 70, which forms an abutment for one end of the spring 71. The opposite end of the spring 71 is arranged to enga e the washer 72 (Fig. 11).

Adjacent the was er 72 and mounted around the pin 66 is a semi-spherical member 73 arranged to co-operate with the socket 74 in the lower portion of the arm 68. Loosely encircling the pin 66 and passing through the slot 75 in the lower end of the arm 68 is a sleeve 76 rovided with a hand wheel 77. This sleeve 6 is provided with threads 78 arranged to engage corresponding threads'on the member 73. The sleeve 76 at the end remote from the hand wheel 77 is arranged to engage the washer 72 and when the semispherical member 73 is adjusted longitudinally of the collar 76 by rotating the handwheel, the washer 72 may be adjusted towards or from the member '73 to increase or decrease the pressure of the heat member or shoe on the roller. Rigidly secured to the projecting end of the shaft or rod 59 is a hand lever 79 (Figs. 1 and 2) by means of which shaft 59 may be rotated. The operation of the mechanism thus far described is as follows:

Assuming that the shoe is in the partially retractedposition, as shown in Figure 8,;

and that the lever 79 is in the relative position shown in Figure 2, the operator desiring to bring the heat unit or shoe into operative engagement with the roll will momentarily depress the foot lever 54 with her toe. This, through the medium of link 52, will rock the bracket member 43 and the movement of the bracket member 43 will be transmitted to the arm 37 through the medium of link 41 and associated apparatus. The upper bifurcated end of the arm 37 being in engagement with the annular groove 35 in the collar of the clutch member 33, the member 33 will be forced into engagement -with the clutch member 32 against the tension of the spring 80, thus causing the cam shaft 28 to rotate. As soon as the cam shaft has moved from its normal position the roller 45 on arm 44 will engage the upstanding portion of the annular flange 46 of the disk 47 and will retain the clutch members in operative-engagement until the cam shaft has been so rotated as to bring the notch 49 into a position to receive the roller 45. Roller 45 in dropping into the notch 49 will ermit the clutch member 33 to be retracte from engagement with the clutch member 32 under the tension of the spring 80 and thus stop the rotation of the cam shaft, and hold it in its set position. At this time, the cam shaft and the associated mechanism will be in the position indicated in Figure 7, and the shoewi ll be held in engagement with the rotating drum by means of the springs 71. When the operator desires to release the shoe from engagement with the rotating drum, she will again depress the lever 54 which will again cause the cluteh member 33 to operatively engage the member 32 and the cam shaft will be again rotated. As soon as the notch 49 has moved from under the roller 45, the clutch members will be locked in operative relation and the continued rotation of the cam shaft will be assured until the notch 48 is brought under the roller 45. Roller 45 will then drop into the notch 48 and the cam shaft clutch will be released. The shoe and controlling parts will now be in a position such as indicated in Figure 8, that is, the wheel will have rolled down from the high portion of the cam 30, permitting the shoe to be retracted from operative engagement with the drum 4.

It will be noted that when the shoe 82 has been moved to operative position by the operation of the cam members 30, the rollers 65 are positioned immediately adjacent to the break in the cam surfaces, so that, upon depression of the pedal 54, the shoe is practically instantaneously released. If now the pedal be held down the rotation of the cams 30 will not be stopped when the shoe reaches its inoperative position, but they will continue to rotateand bring the shoe back to. its operative position. This makes it unnecessary to depress the pedal twice in quick succession when it is desired to momentarily release the shoe.

The function and operation of the lever 79 and associated parts will now be described. Assuming that the various parts are in the position indicated in Figure 7, and that the user desires to quickly release the shoe, as for instance, when the garment being ironed is being drawn in in a folded or wrinkled condition, the upper end of the lever 79' and push it backward. This will rock the shaft 59 and cause rotation of the arms or lugs 61 carried thereby. Due to the movement of the lugs 61 the arms 64 will be drawn upwardly and the wheels 65 will pass over the high portion of the cams 29 and 30, and permit the shoe to fall back to a position similar to that shown in Fig. 8, or if the lever 79 be drawn further the parts may assume a. position similar to that shown in Fig. 9, thus permitting the operator to remove starch or any other foreign matter which may have adhered to the ironing surface of the shoe, or to polish it or apply wax thereto. The reverse movement of the lever 7 9, that is, restoring it to its original position will cause the shoe to again'be brought into engage ment with the drum 4. Thus the operator is-provided with alternative means for instantaneously moving the shoe to and from its operative position.

The arrangement indicated in the lower portions of'Figures 7, 8 and 9 shown in more detail in Figure 11, is provided to adjustthe pressure of the shoe 69 on the drum 4. If the hand wheel 77 is rotated, in such a direction as ,to cause the member 73 to travel up the threads toward the hand wheel, the collar or washer 72 will be spaced the operator will grasp from the member 78 and the pressure of the shoe on the drum will be increased. If, however, the hand wheel is rotated in the opposite direction to permit the member 78 to traveL down the threads away from the hand wheel, the washer 72 will approach the member 73 and the pressure will be decreased.

Extending longitudinally of the shoe member 69 is a burner member 81 to which gas may 'be supplied through the tube 88. This burner is located back of the portion 82 of the shoe which forms the ironing surface and between said part and the rear cover portion 83. Within the cavity between these arts 82 and 83 is a web 84, which is spaced rom the other two portions. Adjacent the upper edge of the web 84 is a series of openings 85 in the cover 83 which permit air to be supplied to the burner. Also adjacent the upper edge of the web 84, but on the opposite side thereof is a series of openings 86 through which the heated air is permitted to escape. Between the web 84 and the burner 81 is a series of openings 87 which permit the air drawnin through the inlets 85 to pass adjacent to the burner 81 and then upwardly and out through the air outlets 86. The web 84' is connected to the part 82 forming the ironing surface by means of a plurality of partitions or connecting members 89.

This arrangement provides a burner arrangement which is far more economical in gas consumption than any of the devices of this character with which applicant is familiar. The air being drawn down between the web 84 and the rear casing 853 utilizes a large portion of the heat which is customarily wasted by being radiated from the rear surface of the shoe to pro-heat the air which issupplied to the burner. This pre-heated air is then passed over the burner and the results of the ensuing combustion, as explained, pass upwardly between the web llil 84 and the heating surface 82. It is very evident that this arrangement is far more economical than when the web 84 is absent and the heated gases are permitted to contact not only with the forward or heating portion of the shoe, .but likewise with the rcar or back casing of the shoe. In the present arrangement, due to the air being circulated between the back member 83 and the web 84, the heat which would otherwise be used in 315:

needlessly heating the back member is utilized in preheating the air. Furthermore, the plurality of partitions or connecting members 89 which unite the web 84 with the heating surface 82 operate to conductively convey the heat from the Web 84 to the heating member 82.

Provided in the upper edge of the'shoe and preferably substantially centrally located therein is a cavity 90, within which is ar- 1 ranged a thermo element 91'. From the the hood 103 may be moved into a position thermo element 91 extends a pin 92 which passes loosely through an opening in the member 93 which is screw threaded into the open end of the cavity 90. i

In Fig. 1 the conduit for supplying gas to the burner from an external sourceof supply is indicated at 95. Between the supply tube 95 and the pipe or tube 88 is a valve arrangement generally indicated at 96. The pin 92 associated with the thermostatic element 91 is arranged to extend into the casing of the valve 96 and as the pin carried by the element 91 moves forward or backward under the control of the thermostatic element it is arranged by means of a needle valve or other well-known governing medium to control the gas inlet orifice and thereby maintain the shoe at a substantially constant temperature. Associated with the valve 96 is a hand wheel 97 which may be used through the ordinary well known means to entirely close off or adjust the flow of gas to the burner.

The thermostatic element is preferably of 25 the kind commonly known as a sylphon. It

is composed, as indicated in Fig. '8, of convolutions of flexible metal within which is sealed a gas or fluid having a high coefiicient of expansion at a temperature which approximates the correct working temperature of the ironing shoe. Ether has been found to be a satisfactory substance to use in the sylphon. i

At 98 is indicated the projecting portion of a member which may be employed to adjust the opening provided for the flow of gas to the burner, that is, by means of this adjusting element 98 the valve may be set so as to limit the flow to a certain volume when the thermostatic'device for controlling the valve is in a definite position.

While the thermostatic element or sylphon has been shown and described as controlling a gas heater, it is of course clear that it may equally well be employed to control the switch of an electrical heating device or the flow of oil,'as gasoline or kerosene, to an oil burner. I

Associated with the ironer is the usual table or shelf 99 over which the clothes may be fed and the shelf 100 which is arranged to receive the clothes after they have passed through the ironer. 101v indicates an electric switch mounted on the shelf 100 for.

5 controlling the supply of current to the motor 20. Loosely mounted about the roll supporting shaft 3 as on lugs 102 formed of.

projecting portions of the casing 11 is a hood or cover element 103 which may be formedof sheet metal or anyother desired material. This hood 103 is provided with end portions 104, connected by asubstantially arcuate cover portion 105 which is'slig'htly removed from the surface of the 'padding5 of the drum 4. -When the machine is in operation out of the way, substantially as indicated in solid lines in Fig. 2. In this position the hood serves to keep the hands and clothing of the operator away from the roll and thus tends to prevent their being drawn in between the roll and the shelf. When the device is not in use, however, the hood 103 will be rotated into the position indicated by dotted lines in Fig. 2 and will then serve to prevent the ironing pad from becoming my invention, what other and connecting said web to said face plate.

2. In an ironing machine shoe, a face plate, a back plate, a web between said face plate and said back plate and spaced thererom, and a burner positioned between said face plate and'said web adjacent one edge thereof, said back late having air inlet openings therein ad acent the opposite edge of said web.

3. In an ironing machine shoe, a face plate, a back plate, a web located between said plates and spaced therefrom, a heatingmember between the face plate and said web adjacent the lower edge thereof, said back plate having air inlet openings therein adj acent to the u per edge thereof, said shoe being provide with air outlet openings located between said web and said face plate, and remote from said burner.

41. In an ironing machine shoe, a face plate and a back plate, the axis of said shoe extending in a substantially horizontal direction, a web plate and said ack plate and spaced therefrom, a heating element located between said web and said face plate, and at'the lower edge thereof, said back plate being provided with air inlet openings adjacent the a per edge of said web at the rear thereof, and air outlet openings positioned between said web I and said face plate adjacent to the upper edge of said web.

- 5. In an ironing machine shoe, a face positioned between said face plate and said positioned between said face web adjacent one edge thereof, said back I plate being provided with air inlet openings remote from said burner and on the oppo- 5 site side ofsaid web, and air outlet openings between said web and said face plate.

6. In an ironing machine shoe, a face plate, a back plate, a web intermediate said plates, a heating element positioned between said face plate and said web adjacent to one edge thereof, said back plate being provided second arm operable by said member, a

yielding connection between said arms through which the power is applied to the shoe, said connection placing the shoe under pressure when it is in engagement with the roll, and manually operable means for moving both of said arms out of cooperation with said drive member, and for enabling said shoe when retracted from theroll to be tipped so as to bring its working face uppermost to facilitate cleaning of the latter.

8. In an ironing machine, a roll, a shoe movable into cooperation with the roll, and power driven means for actuating the roll and shoe, said means including a toggle link comprising two pivotally connected members connected to the shoe, said members being in alignment normally, and manually operable means for moving said members out of alignment to permit of the tipping of the shoe so as to bring its working face uppermost.

9. In an ironing machine, a roll, a shoe movable into and out of cooperation with said roll, a motor' driven shaft disposed at one end of the roll, a worm mounted on said shaft, a manually operable clutch for connecting said worm to said shaft, gearing between said worm and said roll for rotating the roll, a second shaft for actuating the shoe, a connection including toggle and cam means between said latter shaft and the 1 shoe, manually'operated means for breaking the toggle and permitting movement of the shoe away from the roll, a gear on said second shaft driven; by said worm, and

clutch means for connecting said latter gear to said second shaft for predetermined periods of time.

10. In an ironing machine, an ironing roll, a shoe cooperable therewith, and operating mechanism for said roll and shoe comprising a motor driven worm drive, gear means for connecting said worm drive to said roll, lever means including a yielding connection for operating the shoe, clutch means for connecting an disconnecting said worm drive to and from said roll, manually operable clutch means for controlling the driving connection between said lever means andsaid worm drive, and automatic means for causing said clutch to remain engaged for a predetermined period of time once it is operated.

11. In an ironing machine, a roll, a shoe movable into and out of cooperation therewith, operating means for rotating said roll and for actuating said shoe, said means including a lever for moving said shoe, a toggle for operating the lever, cam means for actuating said toggle, and a yielding connection between said lever and said toggle, the toggle beingnormally extended and means for breaking the toggle to permit movement of the shoe away from the roll.

12. In an ironing machine, a roll, a shoe movable into and out of cooperation therewith, operating means for rotating said roll and for actuating said shoe, said means including a lever for moving said shoe, a normally extended toggle for operating the lever, cam vmeans for actuating said toggle, and a yielding connection between said lever and said toggle, said connection including resilient means through which movement is transmitted to said shoe and which serves as a cushioning element for the shoe, and means for breaking the toggle to permit movement of the shoe away from the roll.

13. In an ironing machine, an ironing roll, a shoe cooperable therewith, operating mechanism for said roll and shoe comprising a motor driven worm drive, gear means for connecting said worm drive to said roll, lever means including a yielding connection for operating the shoe, clutch means for connecting and disconnecting said worm drive to and from said roll, manually operable clutch meansfor controlling the driving connection between said lever means and .means comprising a cam disc secured to the driven clutch member and provided with two depressions, a rockably mounted arm, a roller carried by the arm and contacting with said disc, said roller being in one of the depressions when the shoe is in its retracted position and in the other depression when the shoe is in its engaged position with the roll, the roller and the disc coacting to hold the driven clutch member against turning movement and in either one of two positions after said,.member has been turned through a predetermined distance, connections between the rockably mounted arm and the shiftable member of said last mentioned tlutch for urging the roller toward the cam disc when the shiftable member is moved into inoperative position, means urging said shiftable position, .and means for member into inoperative moving the shiftable member into operative position.

11 an ironing machine,

a roll, a shoe,

a supporting arm connected to said shoe for movlng the shoe toward and roll, a motor, the motor and the sup driving, connection inclu arm, mechanism driven actuating the operating a away from the a driving connection between porting arm, said mg an operating by said motor for rm, a yielding conporting arm; and

whereof, I hereunto sub- 20 

